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I. Introduction
Blockchains are a new kind of replicated database (a ‘dis-tributed ledger’) which can be operated without the control of any single party. Blockchain technology emerged to support the Bitcoin cryptocurrency [1]. A second generation of blockchains are more general-purpose: transactions can record data about any kind of application domain, and can deploy and execute user-defined scripts (‘smart contracts'). This greatly expands the potential uses for blockchain technology. Many startups, enterprises, banks, and governments are exploring its applications in areas as diverse as electronic health records, voting, energy supply, and protecting critical civil infrastructure [2]. These applications typically involve cross-organizational business processes [3], taking advantage of the neutral ground provided by a blockchain. Many of these applications have critical dependability requirements, even beyond those driven by the size of trade in the underlying cryptocurrencies (millions of US dollars per day
https://coinmarketcap.comlexchanges/volume/24-hour/
).- IEEE Keywords
- INSPEC: Controlled Indexing
- INSPEC: Non-Controlled Indexing